Hong Kong Training Portal on
Infection Control and Infectious Disease

• World Health Organization (WHO). Flu vaccination toolbox: guidance and technical resources
• The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM). Influenza
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), US. Flu Resources
• American Academy of Pediatrics. Influenza
• American Society for Microbiology. Influenza Resources

Seasonal Influenza

 Epidemiology and Epidemics

• Determinants of epidemic size and the impacts of lulls in seasonal influenza virus circulation. (January 18, 2024)
• Influenza. (August 27, 2022)
• Human seasonal influenza under COVID-19 and the potential consequences of influenza lineage elimination. (March 31, 2022) 
• Global burden of respiratory infections associated with seasonal influenza in children under 5 years in 2018: a systematic review and modelling study. (February 20, 2020)
• Estimates of global seasonal influenza-associated respiratory mortality: a modelling study. (March 31, 2018)  

 Clinical Information and Management

• Antivirals for post-exposure prophylaxis of influenza: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. (August 2024) 
• Trivalent and quadrivalent seasonal influenza vaccine in adults aged 60 and older: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. (August 2024)
• A Step Forward in the Treatment of Influenza. (September 5, 2018)
• Baloxavir Marboxil for Uncomplicated Influenza in Adults and Adolescents.  (September 5, 2018)
• Chasing Seasonal Influenza — The Need for a Universal Influenza Vaccine.  (November 29, 2017)
• The evolution of seasonal influenza viruses. (October 30, 2017)  
• Seasonal Influenza Infections and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality. (June, 2016)
• The Dynamic Relationship Between Clinical Symptomatology and Viral Shedding in Naturally Acquired Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza Virus Infections. (October 30, 2015)

Pandemic Influenza

 Epidemiology and Pandemics

• Being ready for the next influenza pandemic? (April, 2023)
• The evolution and future of influenza pandemic preparedness. (May 06, 2021)
• Revisiting the 1957 and 1968 influenza pandemics. (June 13, 2020)
• Lessons From Influenza Pandemics of the Last 100 Years. (March 01, 2020) 
• Use of Influenza Risk Assessment Tool for Prepandemic Preparedness. (March, 2018)

 Clinical Information and Management

• Point-of-Care Diagnostic Tests for Influenza: Assessing the Impact on Health Outcomes using a Decision-Analytic Model Technical Report for the World Health Organization, Technical Report for the World Health Organization. (January, 2024) 
• Preparing for pandemics: a systematic review of pandemic influenza clinical management guidelines. (November 07, 2022)
• Preparing for the Next Pandemic — The WHO’s Global Influenza Strategy. (December 4, 2019)
• Improving preparedness for the next flu pandemic. (July 25, 2018)
• Community Mitigation Guidelines to Prevent Pandemic Influenza — United States, 2017. (April 21, 2017)

Novel Zoonotic Influenza

 Avian Influenza

  Epidemiology and Epidemics

• One health, one flu: the re-emergence of avian influenza. (December, 2024)
• The panzootic spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 sublineage 2.3.4.4b: a critical appraisal of One Health preparedness and prevention. (December 2024)
• Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Infections in Humans. (December 31, 2024)
• Zoonotic infections by avian influenza virus: changing global epidemiology, investigation, and control. (August 2024)
• The episodic resurgence of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 virus. (October 18, 2023)
• Novel Zoonotic Avian Influenza A(H3N8) Virus in Chicken, Hong Kong, China. (October, 2022)
• Resurgence of avian influenza virus. (April 26, 2022)
• Emerging H5N8 avian influenza viruses. (May 21, 2021)
• Epidemiology of Avian Influenza A H7N9 Virus in Human Beings across Five Epidemics in Mainland China, 2013-17: an Epidemiological Study of Laboratory-Confirmed Case Series. (August 2017)
• From SARS to Avian Influenza Preparedness in Hong Kong. (April 29, 2017)
• Global epidemiology of avian influenza A H5N1 virus infection in humans, 1997–2015: a systematic review of individual case data. (July, 2016)
• Interventions to reduce zoonotic and pandemic risks from avian influenza in Asia. (February, 2016)

  Antiviral Treatment

• Baloxavir marboxil use for critical human infection of avian influenza A H5N6 virus. (January 12, 2024)
• Baloxavir Marboxil in Japanese Pediatric Patients With Influenza: Safety and Clinical and Virologic Outcomes. (September 20, 2019) .
• Factors Associated With Prolonged Viral Shedding in Patients With Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Virus Infection. (April 10, 2018)
• Benefit of Early Initiation of Neuraminidase Inhibitor Treatment to Hospitalized Patients With Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Virus. (April 1, 2018)
• Efficacy of Clarithromycin-NaproxenOseltamivir Combination in the Treatment of Patients Hospitalized for Influenza A(H3N2) Infection. (May, 2017)

  Non-pharmaceutical Intervention

• Effectiveness of Live Poultry Market Interventions on Human Infection with Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Virus, China. (May, 2020)
• Interventions in Live Poultry Markets for the Control of Avian Influenza: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. (February 15, 2020)
• Combined interventions for mitigation of an influenza A (H1N1) 2009 outbreak in a physical training camp in Beijing, China. (July, 2017)
• Interventions to reduce zoonotic and pandemic risks from avian influenza in Asia.  (February, 2016)

Other Zoonotic Influenza

 Epidemiology and Epidemics

• Farmed fur animals harbour viruses with zoonotic spillover potential. (September 04, 2024)
• Replication of Novel Zoonotic-Like Influenza A(H3N8) Virus in Ex Vivo Human Bronchus and Lung. (June, 2023)
• The Global Threat of Animal Influenza Viruses of Zoonotic Concern: Then and Now. (September 19, 2017) 

 Local Research

• Influenza A(H3N2) Antibody Responses to Standard-Dose Versus Enhanced Influenza Vaccine Immunogenicity in Older Adults and Prior Season's Vaccine Status. (November 10, 2023)
• Determining Existing Human Population Immunity as Part of Assessing Influenza Pandemic Risk. (May, 2022)
• Detection of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses in Air Sampled From a University Campus: A Longitudinal Study. (April 09, 2019)
• Improving the selection and development of influenza vaccine viruses – Report of a WHO informal consultation on improving influenza vaccine virus selection, Hong Kong SAR, China, 18–20 November 2015. (February 22, 2017)

 Vaccination

• Optimal timing of influenza vaccination in young children: population based cohort study. (February 21, 2024)
• Recombinant or Standard-Dose Influenza Vaccine in Adults under 65 Years of Age. (December 13, 2023)
• Does repeated influenza vaccination attenuate effectiveness? A systematic review and meta-analysis. (January, 2023)
• Universal influenza vaccines are futile when benchmarked against seasonal influenza vaccines. (June, 2022)
• Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccination in Preventing Hospitalization Due to Influenza in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. (November 01, 2021)
• Recent advances in influenza vaccines. (April 28, 2020)
• Improving vaccination uptake among adolescents. (January 17, 2020)

 Healthcare Worker Vaccination

• Effectiveness of interventions to increase healthcare workers' adherence to vaccination against vaccine-preventable diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis, 1993 to 2022. (February 29, 2024)
• A systematic review of barriers and enablers associated with uptake of influenza vaccine among care home staff. (October 06, 2023)
• Interventions for increasing the uptake of immunisations in healthcare workers: A systematic review. (August 31, 2023)
• The continuum of influenza vaccine hesitancy among nursing professionals in Hong Kong. (October 7, 2020)
• What influenza vaccination programmes are preferred by healthcare personnel? A discrete choice experiment. (June 15, 2020)

 Antiviral Treatment

• Antiviral Medications for Treatment of Nonsevere Influenza: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. (January 13, 2025)
• Antivirals for treatment of severe influenza: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. (August 22, 2024)
• Antiviral Approaches against Influenza Virus. (January 16, 2023)
• Comparison of Antiviral Agents for Seasonal Influenza Outcomes in Healthy Adults and Children: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. (August 13, 2021) 
• Understanding the Impact of Resistance to Influenza Antivirals. (February 10, 2021)
• Baloxavir Marboxil for Prophylaxis against Influenza in Household Contacts. (July 8, 2020)
• Use of influenza antivirals in patients hospitalized in Hong Kong, 2000-2015. (January 19, 2018)

 Non-pharmaceutical Intervention

• Non-pharmaceutical interventions to reduce influenza transmission in households: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (January, 2025) 
• Impact assessment of non-pharmaceutical interventions against coronavirus disease 2019 and influenza in Hong Kong: an observational study. (May, 2020)
• Nonpharmaceutical Measures for Pandemic Influenza in Nonhealthcare Settings—Personal Protective and Environmental Measures. (May, 2020)
• Non-pharmaceutical public health measures for mitigating the risk and impact of epidemic and pandemic influenza. (September 19, 2019)